<p>The Camp Bartow Historic District — centered on the historic inn called "Traveller&#39;s Repose"  and the site of the Battle of Greenbrier River  — is a national historic district located at Bartow, Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. It is situated at the foot of Burner Mountain, at a bend in the East Fork Greenbrier River, where USA Route 28 intersects USA Route 250.</p><br>
<p>It was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>The District</h2><br>
<p>The District encompasses ten contributing buildings and nine contributing sites. The house known as "Traveller&#39;s Repose" was built in 1869, and is a two-story, side gabled residence. It was expanded in 1912, and in 1928. The property also includes a simple two-story, side gabled residence built in 1898, with a rear -story addition. Contributing outbuildings associated with the Repose include a barn (1925), well house (c. 1930), woodshed (c. 1930), cellar house (c. 1870 / 1912), corn crib (c. 1940), and storage building (c. 1920). Located nearby and also contributing are an unpainted barn (c. 1910) and garage (c. 1940). The property also includes the Yeager Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Sites associated with the American Civil War battle of October 3, 1861, known as the Battle of Greenbrier River, include four major fortifications, consisting of a series of trenches surrounding artillery emplacements. There are two additional artillery emplacements, camp / tent sites associated with Camp Bartow, and an unmarked Confederate Army cemetery containing 82 graves. Also included in the district is a section of the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike, constructed between 1838 and 1846.</p><br>
<h2>Traveller’s Repose</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The historic inn known as "Traveller’s Repose" — or "Travelers’ Repose" — for many decades served patrons transiting the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike. It was once well known as the first stagecoach stop west of Allegheny Mountain. It was owned and managed from 1845 by Andrew Yeager (1800-1861), son of area pioneer John P. Yeager, Sr (1762-1833), an immigrant from near Lancaster City, Pennsylvania who had arrived in the area around 1795. The Repose served as Pocahontas county&#39;s first post office (1847-1906). The present two-story, wood-frame farmhouse dates to 1869.</p><br>
<p>The Repose owes its existence to construction of the historic turnpike, which began in 1838. By 1845, the turnpike having extended from Staunton to Weston, a traveler&#39;s inn had become an attractive proposition. The mail route through here was established in 1847, and when it did, Travelers’ Repose became the post office as well.</p><br>
<p>In September, 1861, a Confederate detachment encamped on the crest of Allegheny Mountain, just ten miles to the southeast. On October 3, the inn suffered crossfire during the Battle of Greenbrier River. Named Camp Bartow after the late Col. Francis S. Bartow (a Confederate commander who had died about 2 months before), the fortifications are still relatively intact. (The surrounding community would consequently be known as Bartow as well.) Later that winter, bushwhackers burned the Repose, thereby depriving both sides of its use. The Rebels, uncertain as to whether they could hold Camp Bartow in the event of another Union challenge, moved about 5 miles to the east to establish Camp Allegheny in an effort to retain control of the turnpike. On December 13, the Rebels repulsed a Union advance at this new position, thus ensuring that control of the turnpike would not be lost. But that advantage was secured at a significant cost: An unmarked grave on the property is said to contain the remains of more than 80 Confederate soldiers who died of their wounds, disease and exposure that winter.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Peter Dilly Yeager (1829-1906), Andrews son, who had spent a portion of the war in a Union prison, rebuilt Travelers’ Repose on the foundations of the earlier establishment. The refurbished lodge had 22 rooms, plus space for 28 horses in the barn. It was then variously known as the “Yeager Hotel” and the “Greenbrier Hotel”. The Repose was purchased by Brown Buren Beard (1883-1969) in 1912. (He was Peters first cousin once removed.) His daughter, Jessie Beard Powell (1915-2013), a great-great-granddaughter of John Yeager, Sr, resided at the Repose for all of her 97 years and long kept alive stories of the old days. (One of them: that the 1,200 Rebel soldiers who invaded her family&#39;s farm exacted a cost of 500 of their sugar maples which were cut down for military purposes.)</p><br>
<p>Longstanding local lore asserts that Abraham Lincoln stayed here during his early journeys between Illinois and Washington, DC. Among the other notables who are said (mostly without documentation) to have lodged at the Repose are Stonewall Jackson.</p><br>
<p>The Repose was still supplying "lodging and meals" to travelers around 1940 when writers for the WPA visited the area.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, after Jessie Beard Powell had died, the property was auctioned and finally passed out of the family&#39;s hands.</p><br>
<h3>In popular culture</h3><br>
<p>Celebrated writer Ambrose Bierce described the Repose in an autobiographical essay (“A Bivouac to the Dead”) in 1903. He had been a Union soldier here in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Novelist Joseph Hergesheimer (1880–1954) wrote a short story (“Tol’able David”) set here in 1917; a play — and silent (1921) and talking (1930) movie versions — followed. In 1922, Hergesheimer described the Repose again in another Saturday Evening Post short story, itself entitled "Traveler&#39;s Repose". His fictionalized name for the Greenbrier River Valley is "Greenstream County".</p><br>
<p>Gaymont is a historic home located near Aurora, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built about 1896 as a summer resort cottage. It is a two-story, T-shaped dwelling constructed of wood, wood shingles, wood half-timbers, and cut stone. It displays eclectic overtones of American Craftsman, Rustic, and Queen Anne architectural styles. It features a low-pitched, cross-gabled, and hipped roof and wraparound, Queen Anne style verandah.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It is located in the Brookside Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Red Horse Tavern, also known as Brookside Inn and The Old Stone House, is a historic inn and tavern located near Aurora, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built between 1825 and 1827, as a dwelling. In 1841, it opened as a public inn to serve travelers on the Northwestern Turnpike. It is built of rubble stone, and has one large downstairs room and three upstairs rooms with an attic above them.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, with a boundary increase in 1979. It is located in the Brookside Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Hagans Homestead, also known as Barnes Hotel and Stone Manor Tourist Home, is a historic home located at Brandonville, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built in 1830, and is a large -story, L-shaped house built of native cut sandstone. It consists of a main block, measuring 28 by, with a -story frame addition measuring 20 by feet. Also on the property is a Victorian gazebo, originally built as a well house. Built originally as a single-family dwelling, the Barnes family maintained the house as a hotel during the early 1900s, then later a tourist home in the 1940s and 1950s. It was divided into two apartments during the 1960s, then returned to a single-family home after 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>James Clark McGrew House, also known as the Gibson Property, is a historic home located at Kingwood, Preston County, West Virginia. The house consists of a large main two-story block and a low two-story ell. The oldest section is the northern ell, built in 1841. The main block was built about 1870. Also on the property are a contributing two-story barn/outbuilding connected to the house with a breezeway and a two-story Gothic Revival barn/carriage house. The house was built by James McGrew , a founding father of West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Earle House is a house in Canehill, Arkansas on Highway 45 built in 1859 to house Dr. Fountain R. Earle, the president of Cane Hill College. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with many other Canehill properties in November 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Canehill was settled in 1827, a year prior to the establishment of Washington County. The Township of Cane Hill was established in 1829 and was mostly populated by members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The church leaders recognized the need for its congregation to be literate, and Canehill School was established in 1834. By 1850 it had been renamed to Canehill Collegiate Institute and was capable of granting two-year degrees. Two years later the Arkansas Legislature made Cane Hill College the second college in the state, one day after Arkansas College.</p><br>
<p>Cane Hill College was burned by Union forces during the American Civil War, with only a dormitory being used as a hospital surviving. The college reorganized after the war under the supervision of new president Dr. Fountain R. Earle. The Earles moved to Canehill in 1858, but the college had trouble rebuilding after the war was over. Earle attempted to save the college by merging with the Canehill Female Academy, but pressure added by the new Arkansas Industrial University in Fayetteville caused the college to close in 1891.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building exhibits Greek Revival architecture and is one of the few remaining buildings in Canehill to demonstrate a classically proportioned front.</p><br>
<p>The Z. C. B. J. Hall, also known as Bohemian Hall or Zapadni Cesko Bratrske Jednota Hall, is an historic building located near Arthur, Wisconsin that was built in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 25, 1992. It historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, after most pine was logged off in the town of Arthur, the Cypreanson Brothers of Eau Claire offered cut-over land for sale and hired Vincent Benish to advertise that land in Czech-language newspapers to immigrants in southwest Wisconsin. Many of these people had left their homeland unhappy with Habsburg rule and its links to the Catholic Church. As a result, many were skeptical of the church and open to Marxist ideas and the Freethought movement. Still, they needed funerals and weddings, and a way to socialize with their fellow Czechs. In 1904 the Arthur Czech community organized a chapter of the Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota - Western Bohemian Fraternal Association.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the members built their hall. The original section was 60 feet by 32 feet with a false-front parapet. In 1913 a foldable stage was added for performances by the "Goodwill Actors," who traveled around the state, presenting several Czech plays each year. In 1930 a stage and rear kitchen were added to the back of the building. The exterior is sided with metal embossed to look like cement blocks and painted silver.</p><br>
<p>The hall hosted the weddings and funerals mentioned before, and also all-night dances and fraternal meetings. The organization lent money and provided insurance. From 1908 to 1934, the Czech language was taught in the summers. From 1928 to 1943 the hall hosted Sokol meetings, emphasizing gymnastics and patriotism with parallel bars, horizontal bars, rings, horse, marching, singing and folk dancing.</p><br>
<p>Bohemian National Hall  is an historic building located in the Broadway–Slavic Village neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1975. The hall was built to serve the cultural and educational needs of the city&#39;s Czech community, and currently serves as host to Sokol Greater Cleveland and the Cleveland Czech Cultural Center and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bohemian National Hall was built in 1896-97 by Czech immigrants in Cleveland, reportedly becoming the "first hall in the city owned by a nationality group." The idea of the hall emerged in the 1880s in the Lodge Bratri v Kruhu of the Czech Slovak Benevolent Association. The fundraising effort was led by Czech American journalist, and the building was designed by Andrew Mitermiler, John Hradek, and the Cleveland architectural firm of Steffens, Searles and Hirsh.</p><br>
<p>On October 22 and 23, 1915, Bohemian National Hall was the site of the signing of the Cleveland Agreement by Czech American and Slovak American representatives. The agreement was a precursor to the Pittsburgh Agreement, calling for the formation of a joint Czech and Slovak state, which was realized with the founding of Czechoslovakia in 1918.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the building&#39;s exterior darkened appreciably due to the pollution from nearby steel mills. Sokol, a local Czech American society which promotes athletics and healthy living, purchased the building for $35,000 ($ in dollars) in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Bohemian National Hall underwent a $400,000 ($ in dollars) renovation in 1997. The basement was deepened by 2 ft to raise the ceiling to a more customary height. In the first floor lobby, paint was stripped from the quarter-sawn oak molding and panelling and a false wall removed to reveal a wrought iron screen. The walls of the grand ballroom on the second floor were cleaned of more than a century of grime, and two ornate hand-carved columns were rescued and placed in the third-floor museum. An elevator was also added to the structure, to make the fourth floor gymnasium more accessible.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, Sokol began construction on a $1.5 million ($ in dollars), 12,000 ft&sup2; addition to the Bohemian National Hall. Built by Panzica Construction, the volleyball court (which shared the ballroom) and the gymnastics practice area (on the fourth floor) moved to the addition once it was finished.</p><br>
<p>Z.C.B.J. Opera House is an historic building located in Clarkson, Nebraska, United States, that was built in 1913 by the Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota, or Western Bohemian Fraternal Association. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 28, 1988. The building serves as a meeting hall for the Czech community. It has hosted operas, dances, lectures, films and Czech heritage events.</p><br>
<p>Sound films were shown in the opera house beginning in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The James S. Lakin House is a historic home in Terra Alta, Preston County, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1895, the house is a -story frame Colonial Revivalstyle dwelling. It has a T-shaped floor plan and is characterized by a roof structure with four intersecting gables. Notably, the front of the house boasts a full-width porch with a semi-circular end and a shallow hipped roof, which is supported by Tuscan order columns.</p><br>
<p>The James S. Lakin House was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Terra Alta Bank, also known as The History House, is a historic bank building located at Terra Alta, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built in 1893, and is a three-story, six bay wide brick Italianate style commercial building. It has a cast iron storefront on the first floor of the main facade and metal window surrounds on the upper floors. The roof line of the building has a decorative bracketed cast iron cornice on three sides.</p><br>
<p>The Terra Alta Bank was chartered in 1891 as the second bank established in Preston County. In 1893, its board undertook construction of the three-story Italianate building designed by Gakes Brothers & Sharps. It was the only bank in Preston County to survive the Great Depression. The bank occupied the building until 1991, after which it was partly occupied by a local historical society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Tunnelton station is a historic railway station located at Tunnelton, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built in 1912–1913, by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. It is a rectangular, one-story brick structure. The exterior walls are constructed of brick, stone and mortar, with ornate wood soffit, extended wood fascia, and Spanish style ceramic roof tile, topped with large tile caps. Passenger service ceased in 1968, and in 1994, it was purchased from CSX by the Tunnelton Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as the Tunnelton Railroad Depot.</p><br>
<p>The Comal County Courthouse is located in New Braunfels in the USA state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Comal County, Texas in 1976 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Comal County has had two courthouses. The first was designed by Wilhelm Thielepape and completed circa 1860, but had deteriorated in condition by the late 1890s. The current Romanesque Revival style courthouse was designed by James Riely Gordon and completed in 1898 by contractors Fischer and Lamie. Gordon, along with another San Antonio architect Albert Felix Beckmann, submitted bids to replace the courthouse designed by Thielepape. In addition to reviewing the bids, the county commissioners traveled to Gonzales to assess the architectural quality of the Gonzales County Courthouse, a work designed by Gordon and completed in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was restored to its original appearance in 2013 after a three-year, $8.7 million undertaking that included removing two additions, and restoring or replicating paint, tile, doors and furniture. Atop the three-story building is a corniced stone tower.</p><br>
<p>The Rad Sladkovsky lodge, also known as Pishelville Hall, is a building located near Verdigre, Nebraska that was built in 1884. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1982. The building historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community, hosting a Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota  lodge that was the oldest Czech fraternal order in Nebraska. The lodge was originally organized as a branch of the Czech-Slovak Protective Society, but was incorporated into the ZCBJ in 1897.</p><br>
<p>El Azteca is one of the oldest and most intact residential neighborhoods in Laredo, Texas, with buildings dating from the 1870s representing nearly every major architectural type and style that has appeared on the border since that time.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Neighborhood east of Downtown Laredo, Roughly bounded by Interstate 35, Matamoros Street (USA Highway 83), Zacate Creek, and the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>El Azteca is significant as a diverse, multi-layered cultural landscape. The neighborhood took its name from El Azteca Theatre which opened in 1922 as the Teatro Nacional, a venue for theatrical and vaudeville performances. In the 1930s, when moving pictures supplanted live theater in popularity, it became known as El Azteca movie house and showed Spanish language films. A second theater, the Iturbide Theater, operated nearby and it was known as the “Home of Spanish Vaudeville.” The neighborhood was also the home of noted residents of Mexican origin who migrated escaping the Mexican Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Designated as a National Register Historic District in 2003, El Azteca is distinctive for its setting, layout and landscape features. The neighborhood is situated on a high bluff overlooking the Rio Grande which not only forms its southern boundary, but designates the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. Zacate Creek, a steep-walled creek that, in earlier times, provided fresh water to its inhabitants and livestock, defines its eastern boundary. Zacate Creek was the site for one of the last battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Laredo, in 1865. The first electric streetcar line built west of the Mississippi River passed through the neighborhood and crossed Zacate Creek via the Iturbide Street Bridge. The bridge and streetcar connected both the neighborhood and city of Laredo to the newly developing commercial and residential sections of the city that began growing to the east of the creek.</p><br>
<p>Cut off from the historic center of Laredo by Interstate 35 in the late 1970s, Barrio Azteca has retained much of its historic fabric. The neighborhood maintains a sufficient concentration of historic properties, some of which are rare, even extraordinary, examples of domestic and commercial vernacular architecture found only in the borderlands region of South Texas.</p><br>
<p>Reckart Mill, also known as Albright Mill, is a historic grist mill located near Cranesville, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built in 1865, and is a frame, 2 1/2-story gable roofed building that is built, in part, over Muddy Creek. It is notable for its interior structural beam support system of hand hewn pine timbers and mill machinery. Operations at Reckart Mill ceased in 1943. In 2017 the mill was torn down by the new owners and the surrounding area was clear cut by the owners.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Ralphsnyder Decagonal Barn is a historic decagonal shaped barn located near Masontown, Preston County, West Virginia. The 10-sided barn was built in 1890, and is a frame building with an unusual steeple-shaped cupola. The barn was moved to its present site in 1981, which necessitated a number of replacements of portions of the original structure and roof. It is the only 10-sided barn known to have been constructed in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Indian Rocks Dining Hall is a historic building located near Reedsville, Preston County, West Virginia. The dining hall was built in 1928, and stories, with a hip porch on three sides. The front facade is of brown fieldstone with a large fireplace at the center front of the building. It is in the rustic Adirondack style. Also on the property are a contributing tourist cabin , an ice / spring house , and an ice pond . The property was developed in the late-1920s by John Henry Hunt, Sr., who was a pioneer in African American entrepreneurship and worked for the advancement of African Americans in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>A. W. Gribble Farm, also known as Deerwood Farm, is a historic house and farm located near Pisgah, Preston County, West Virginia. The house was built about 1842, and is a -story, five-bay, side-gabled, I house. It is built from square cut, regular coursed sandstone and measures 24 feet by 36 feet. Also on the property are a two-story springhouse , pantry building , and barn .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Furnace, also known as Muddy Creek Furnace and Josephine Furnace, is a historic water powered blast furnace and national historic district located near Albright, Preston County, West Virginia. The district encompasses three contributing structures and one contributing site. The furnace was built in 1854, and was a "charcoal" iron furnace used to smelt iron. It is constructed of cut sandstone, and forms a truncated pyramid measuring approximately 34 feet square in plan and rising about 30 feet. The district includes the nearby wheel pit, blast machinery, and salamander. The furnace remained in operation until the 1890s, and was the last "charcoal" iron furnace to cease operating in northern West Virginia. In 1933, the Virginia Furnace was acquired by the Kingwood Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution who created a roadside park at the furnace site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Annefield is a historic plantation house located at Saxe, Charlotte County, Virginia. It was constructed in 1858, and is a well-preserved example of the Italianate style villas being constructed during the antebellum period in northern North Carolina and Southern Virginia by master builder Jacob W. Holt . Annefield is one of only two known plantation houses in Charlotte County attributed to Holt, a Virginia-born carpenter, builder, and contractor who moved to Warrenton, North Carolina, and established one of North Carolina&#39;s largest antebellum building firms. Architectural historian Catherine W. Bishir notes: “Drawing upon popular architectural books, Holt developed a distinctive style that encompassed Greek Revival and Italianate features adapted to local preferences and the capabilities of his workshop. In addition to the more than twenty buildings documented as his work, stylistic evidence and family traditions also attribute as many as seventy more to Holt and his shop.”</p><br>
<p>Annefield is attributed to Holts shop because it shares many stylistic features with several documented buildings. On 17 September 2009 the property was placed on the Virginia Landmarks Register, and on 12 November 2009 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because it is a locally significant example of a relatively rare form of high-style architecture that is the work of a master builder. In addition to the main house at Annefield, stylistic evidence suggests that Holt also designed and built the Kitchen/Quarter and the Smokehouse. Other secondary buildings and sites on the property contribute to Annefields importance as a relatively intact antebellum farm complex in Charlotte County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The property is located east of the village of Saxe in lower Charlotte County, and comprises approximately 190 acres between Horsepen Creek (to the north) and State Route 612 (Sunny Side Road) to the south. Open fields, woods, orchards and vineyards combine to form a bucolic landscape that has changed little in the past two hundred years. Other significant landscape features include two small ponds and an oak-lined drive approaching the main house from the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1760, Abraham Martin (1716–1771) patented 4,060 acres of land (including 989 acres already patented in 1746) on Horsepen Creek in what was then Lunenburg County. In 1770, Martin conveyed 899 acres of this land to William Jameson (1745–1785), a native of Glasgow, Scotland. Jameson settled the property with his wife Anne Read, the daughter of Clement Read and Mary Hill of Bushy Forest, the wealthiest and most powerful family in the region. Jameson&#39;s alliance with a leading family in the county was an advantageous one, for he secured a number of important commissions in spite of his foreign birth, including County Justice (1772 and 1784), Vestryman of Cornwall Parish (1778), Escheator (1778), Militia Lieutenant (1778), and Militia Captain (1779).</p><br>
<p>It was Jameson who named the plantation Annefield, presumably in honor of his wife. The name first appears in the county records when the last will & testament of William Jameson dated 28 July 1784 was proved on 2 September 1785. In anticipation of a journey overseas, Jameson wrote:</p><br>
<p>“Whereas I am about undertaking a voyage to Great Britain from which it may be the will of the Almighty I may never return......To my wife Anne – my manor plantation and mansion house of Annefield, with all and sundry the appurtenances thereof during the term of her natural life... I leave to her disposal the Manor of Annefield, at her death, to which of our sons she thinks proper, still observing that the said plantation and original tract must be considered a part of such son’s heritage or proportion of land.”</p><br>
<p>Anne (Read) Jameson married as her second husband Col. Richard Elliott in 1787, who was dead by 2 November 1796 when his will was recorded in Charlotte County. On 16 March 1801, Anne Elliott, joined by her sons Clement R. Jameson and Edmund Jameson conveyed this land (apparently surveyed and found to be 908 acres and called by them the “Horsepen Plantation”) to Philip Goode, Sr. of Charlotte County. On 2 December 1805, Philip Goode conveyed the property to his two sons Thomas and Delanson Goode, who in turn conveyed it to their neighbor Jeremiah Williams in 1810. Williams died the next year, and the property passed to his daughter, Sarah Williams Hutcherson. After the death of Sarahs husband, Collier, she married Hillary Moseley, Sr. The early nineteenth-century house that is located on the property was likely constructed during the Moseleys ownership. Evidence gleaned through deed research indicates that the site of the original (eighteenth century) house on Annefield is not located on the current property, so the house was likely not part of the original Annefield&#39;s domestic complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, Richard E. Moseley (a son of Sarah and Hillary) conveyed 870 acres on big and little Horsepen Creeks to Hillery Mackiness Langston Goode, the youngest son of Hillery and Sarah (Bacon) Goode of Charlotte County. Goode was a prosperous planter and merchant, who was named a County Justice in 1852 (but resigned in 1853), and served as Postmaster of Wylliesburg, Virginia, in 1855. He later represented the citizens of Charlotte County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1878 to 1881. Physical evidence suggests that Goode commissioned prominent and fashionable builder Jacob W. Holt to construct a house on his land that befit his wealth and standing in the community. It is not known how Goode may have come to know Holt, but the builder was well known throughout the greater region. Beginning in 1859, the value of buildings on Goodes 870-acre tract jumped from under $1,000 to $4,370, reflecting the construction of Goodes new “Italian Villa.”</p><br>
<p>In 1860, the USA Census indicated that Goode owned 42 slaves, 500 acres of improved land, 403 acres of unimproved land, and that the farm at Annefield was valued at $18,000. His livestock were worth $1,600, and included horses, cattle, oxen, mules, sheep, and pigs. The farm produced 528 bushels of wheat, 700 bushels of corn, 300 bushels of oats, and 18,000 pounds of tobacco. At least two of Goode&#39;s sons served in the Civil War just a few years later. Hillery Langston Goode (1846–1921 or 1925) attended the Virginia Military Institute (Class of 1867) and saw action at New Market, Virginia, along with other V.M.I. cadets in May 1864. Richard Bennett Goode (1845–1913) enlisted in the First Richmond Howitzers at age 17, and saw action at Second Manassas, Orange Court House, Gettysburg, and was paroled at Appomattox. A third son, William E. Goode, may have served in the 52nd Virginia Regiment, but this is unconfirmed at this time.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture continued to be an integral part of life at Annefield during the 1880s, although at $5,000, the farm was not as valuable as it was before the American Civil War. One hundred and fifty acres of the property were tilled, 20 acres were in meadows, and 100 acres were wooded. Generally, Goode owned less livestock than in 1860, and his grain production had declined as well. Fifteen acres of oats produced 60 bushels, 30 acres of corn produced 800 bushels, 11 acres of wheat produced 180 bushels, and 6 acres of tobacco produced 3,000 pounds (1/5 of 1860s production). His orchard occupied at least 10 acres; 100 apple trees produced 500 bushels, and 100 peach trees produced 200 bushels.</p><br>
<p>Hillery M.L. Goode and his wife Sarah executed a Deed of Trust on 21 April 1870 with Zachariah Bugg to secure certain debts. Apparently they failed to meet the terms of this Deed of Trust, for in September 1882, 470 acres of the land was sold at public auction to John Booker of Richmond. The Trustee&#39;s Sale advertisement that appeared in the Charlotte Gazette of Thursday, August 3, 1882, read, in part:</p><br>
<p>The farm was indeed sold in two tracts, for the Land Tax Book for 1884 notes that Goode was taxed on acres of land on Horsepen Creek and his residence is given as Tennessee. In the Land Tax Book for 1885 he was taxed on acres, and his residence is still given as Tennessee, with the records noting that 470 acres had been sold to John Booker of Richmond by W.E. Holmes, Special Commissioner. The property was almost immediately transferred to Robert D. Adams (born 1834), a farmer, who held Annefield until 1908, when he and his wife Laura conveyed it to Henry C. Marshall (born 1870), superintendent of the nearby State Experimental Farm, in 1910. In October 1942, Marshall and his wife Emma Gray conveyed the property to James W. Scott (1901–1963) and Julia T. Scott. The Scott family held the property until 1992, when approximately half of the land was conveyed to a lumber company, while the remaining 190 acres with the house and outbuildings was sold to investors from North Carolina. These investors maintained the property and in 2005 conveyed it to the owners that undertook a substantial rehabilitation of the house and in 2009 listed the property in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Annefields significance is derived from the fact that it is a relatively rare example of the well-developed Italianate architectural style in Charlotte County, Virginia. Elements of Jacob W. Holts interpretation of the Italianate style within Annefield include a stereotypical Holt front entryway featuring double doors with arched panels, surrounded by arched sidelights, and a round-ended transom flanked by a pair of round “pinwheel” windows. Other features include a fenestration pattern displaying pairs of arched windows matching those found in the entryway, a deep, bracketed cornice, and a mantel design that seems to be unique to Holt: a progressively-styled Italianate mantel from William H. Ranlett&#39;s The Architect (Volume I, plate 52) with the insertion of a Greek Revival-style frieze roll just above the firebox opening.</p><br>
<p>Another factor contributing to the significance of Annefield is the house&#39;s attribution to Jacob W. Holt, a prominent master builder of Piedmont Virginia and North Carolina during the middle to late nineteenth century. Holt performed the overwhelming majority of his work in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, and Warren County, North Carolina. Outside of Mecklenburg County, Holt is only credited with constructing (or influencing the construction of) nine Virginia houses. According to noted Holt scholar Catherine W. Bishir, only two Charlotte County houses (including Annefield) are attributed to the builder.</p><br>
<p>Generally, buildings that are attributed to Holt are placed in this category because they possess stylistic similarities with other buildings that are documented to have been built by J.W. Holt. A prime example of a Holt-documented house is Dr. Robert D. Baskervilles Eureka in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. An 1857 contract between Baskerville and Holt specified the design to be a modified version of a plate in Ranletts Architect. The building was to be completed by 15 August 1858 at a cost of $4,885.00 (~$ in ). While the floor plan of the villa described by Ranlett was used, the façade elevation was modified to suit the needs of the client. Mantels, windows, and other architectural details for Eureka did not follow Ranletts specifications, but rather conformed in character to what Holt had included in previous buildings. According to Catherine Bishir, Eureka was “perhaps Holts grandest private project, bearing the stamp of his standardized detail but in its dramatic towered form and atypical plan reflecting the productive cooperation of builder and adventuresome client.” Franklin County, North Carolina&#39;s Vine Hill is also documented to have been built by Jacob W. Holt by a 5 September 1856 contract. The front entryway and Palladian windows of Eureka and Vine Hill, both documented Holt houses, are identical to that found at Annefield.</p><br>
<h2>Plantation Complex</h2><br>
<p>The Main House, c. 1858. Sited on the highest point of the property, the house was built in three stages. The oldest part of the house dates from 1858 and consists of a large main block (measuring approximately 50 feet by 20 feet) with a center hall flanking a parlor and a bedroom; a hallway and two bedrooms are located upstairs. A two-story addition in the rear encompasses a single-story section that is original to the house. This section was subordinate to the main block, both in style and scale. Construction of interior doorways and chimneys suggests that this section was built at the same time as the main block. If not, it was certainly in place by 1882, when a foreclosure sale notice described the dwelling as containing six rooms (two rooms on each floor in the main block, with two additional rooms in the one-story rear section). This rear section was enlarged to two stories in the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Two interior brick chimneys rise up from the dwelling&#39;s hipped roof, which is covered with tin shingles. The roof is accented by a deep, bracketed cornice that is typical of Italianate style buildings of the period. The entire house is covered by smooth weatherboard siding, and the corners of the main block of the building are highlighted by fluted Doric pilasters. A foundation of brick laid in the Flemish bond pattern supports the oldest sections of the house (this is relatively new brickwork. Evidence in the cellar indicates that the bond may have originally been five to six course common bond). A parged concrete masonry unit foundation supports a late nineteenth or early twentieth century addition to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the villa is set apart by the use of double-arched windows set within a square casing, a motif consistent throughout the main block of house, taking the form of a simple Roman arch in the front door and the interior doors of the principal rooms. The form of the front windows is identical to that of Engleside (Warrenton, North Carolina) and Pool Rock (Vance County, North Carolina), both of which are attributed to Jacob W. Holt. Holt likely received his inspiration from Ranlett&#39;s “Italian Villa Design #31.”</p><br>
<p>A central hall with staircase on the first floor is flanked by two rooms on each side. Each room opens into the stair hall, and the rooms on each side of the hall connect via a doorway as well. To the rear of the house, a one-story porch that was added in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century has been enclosed, and now contains a kitchen, bathroom and pantry.</p><br>
<p>The house as originally built had four main rooms on the first floor, and two rooms on the second floor. The house as currently configured has five main rooms on the first floor and three on the second floor. The principal rooms are heated by interior chimneys located between the front and rear rooms. Interior details continue the motifs of the exterior. The doors and windows on the first floor have massive casings with large bases. The mantels of the two front rooms combine Greek Revival proportions and a fluted frieze roll with Italianate brackets. These two mantels are identical to an example from Engleside (the John White House) in Warrenton, North Carolina. Mantels in the rear rooms and on the second floor are much simpler that those found in the two (front) primary chambers.</p><br>
<p>Quarter/Kitchen House, c. 1858. The quarter/kitchen house lies to the rear (west) of the house and measures approximately 34 by 16 feet. The hipped roof is covered by pre-formed, ribbed tin panels which are not original to the building, and the exterior of the quarter is clad in wooden weatherboard siding. A simple box cornice highlights the transition between the roof and the vertical walls. The front façade of the building is divided into four bays. The central two bays are occupied by window openings (the sash themselves are missing), and the outer two bays are occupied by doorways. This fenestration pattern is repeated on the west (rear) façade, and a window opening is located on each end of the building as well. The structure of the building consists of mortise-and-tenon timber-frame construction, with studs spaced roughly every twenty four inches. Floor joists are made of logs that have been worked flat on the top face. The wall finish on the interior consists of butt-joined horizontal boards that have been limewashed. Evidence in the wall and roof structure suggests that the interior space was once divided into two rooms, with a central chimney serving both spaces. In addition to the kitchen, this building probably contained living space for the cook and her family. The 1860 Census Slave Schedule indicates that Goode owned 10 slave houses or quarters, and this may have been one of them. The location of the others is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Office, Early 20th Century. To the west of the smokehouse lies a small, 12 foot by 10 foot building that may have served as an office for a farm manager or similar individual. The building may date to the period of the main house, but construction features such as wire nails, diagonal sheathing and a roof that is not consistent with the other Holt-designed buildings (i.e., gabled instead of hipped), suggests that the building was constructed in the beginning of the twentieth century. Like the other outbuildings in the cluster, the buildings roof consists of pre-formed, galvanized metal. The exterior is clad in unpainted weatherboards. A board and batten door provides access on the north façade, and the remnants of a four-over-four sash window provided light on the south façade. A small, square, brick chimney is located in the interior of the southwestern corner of the buildings sole room, and contains a stovepipe hole.</p><br>
<p>Tobacco Barns, 19th Century. Located approximately 700 feet north of the main house is a pair of tobacco barns. These buildings each measure approximately 16 by 16 feet, are constructed of squared, lap-notched, rough-hewn logs, and are covered with galvanized metal roofs. The barns rest on dry-laid stone foundations, and remnants of vertical board-and-batten siding remain on both. The interiors of both barns exhibit evidence of the smoke-curing process, including numerous rounded poles running from end to end to facilitate hanging tobacco.</p><br>
<p>Dairy Barn, 1954. West of the main house&#39;s complex of domestic outbuildings lies a large dairy barn that is constructed of concrete masonry units. The main block of the barn is one and a half stories in height, and is covered by a gambrel roof of pre-formed galvanized metal sheets. The upper story contains a storage loft, and is clad in weatherboards. Attached to the southern façade of the building is a one-story wing (also of concrete masonry units) that is fenestrated by six pane steel windows. Two large concrete silos rise from the western façade of the barn.</p><br>
<p>House, c. 1830. Approximately 1,100 feet southwest of Annefield is a two cell, -story frame house that probably dates from the second quarter of the 19th century. The oldest section of the house measures approximately 21 feet by 18 feet, is covered by a galvanized metal gable roof, is clad with vertical boards (covered by asphalt siding), and rests on a dry-laid stone foundation. A massive stone chimney rises from the east gable end of the house. The front façade of the building presents three bays, with an entry door in the center. This door opens into the primary chamber of the first floor, which measures approximately 17 feet by 18 feet, and was heated by a fireplace that is surrounded by a simple, Greek Revival-inspired mantle. An enclosed, dog-leg staircase leads to the garret from this room. The smaller chamber measures approximately feet by 18 feet, and contains a door that leads to a shed-roofed addition, which was likely built in the early 20th century. The garret is divided into two rooms, and is lit by two casement windows on the east end (flanking the chimney) and one (off-center) casement window on the west end. The entire interior of the building is plastered or shows evidence of plastering, and riven lath can be seen in many sections of the house. Small, open porches are located on the front (west) façade and the rear (southeast) façade. Based on the presence of plastered walls (even in the garret), it is unlikely that this dwelling was constructed for use by slaves, and may have been occupied by a member of the Moseley family or a plantation manager.</p><br>
<p>Slave Cemetery, 19th century. According to local tradition, a slave cemetery is located on the grounds of Annefield, approximately 1,700 feet northeast of the main house, near Horsepen Creek (UTM 17S 0711948 4089808). This area is covered by Periwinkle (Vinca minor), which is commonly used as a groundcover planting in Virginia cemeteries. A number of relatively young eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees now shade the site. Evidence of at least two graves can be found via the presence of standing fieldstones and slight depressions in the earth. However, a methodical survey of the site is likely to yield evidence of additional graves. Previous owners of the property are known to have owned slaves, Hillery Goode owned more than forty slaves in 1860, and at least four of Mr. Goode&#39;s slaves were over sixty years of age at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Ailsworth, Timothy S., ed. Charlotte County, Rich Indeed. Charlotte Court House, Virginia: Charlotte County Board of Supervisors. 1979.</p><br>
<p>Bishir, Catherine W. “Jacob W. Holt: An American Builder”. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1981).</p><br>
<p>Bishir, Catherine W. Southern Built: American Architecture, Regional Practice. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. 2006.</p><br>
<p>Blanton, Alison S., Mary A. Zirkle, and Stacy L. Marshall. Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia. Roanoke, Virginia: Hill Studio, P.C. 1998.</p><br>
<p>Carrington, J. Cullen. Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions. Richmond, Virginia: The Hermitage Press, Inc. 1907.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte County Land Records, Charlotte County Clerk of Court, Charlotte Court House, Virginia</p><br>
<p>Downing, Andrew Jackson. Victorian Cottage Residences. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1981.</p><br>
<p>Farmer, Charles J. In the Absence of Towns: Settlement and Country Trade in Southside Virginia, 1730–1800. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1993.</p><br>
<p>Ginther, Herman. Captain Staunton’s River. Richmond, Virginia: The Dietz Press, Inc. 1968, 1999.</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Population Schedule, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Slave Schedule, 1860</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Agriculture Schedule, 1860, 1880</p><br>
<p>Virginia Landmarks Commission Staff.. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Landmarks Commission. 1977.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Landmarks Commission Staff.. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Landmarks Commission. 1981.</p><br>
<p>Wuellner, Margarita Jerabek and Elizabeth Barthold O’Brien.. Alexandria, Virginia: John Milner Associates, Inc. 1995.</p><br>
<p>Kingwood Historic District is a national historic district located at Kingwood, Preston County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 103 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Kingwood. Most of the buildings are two story, frame and masonry buildings. Notable buildings include the Preston County Courthouse , Kingwood National Bank Building , C.M. Bishop House , Preston Academy , IOOF Lodge , Bank of Kingwood , Bishop Block , Presbyterian Church , Methodist Church , Wilson Building , and Loar&#39;s Service Station . Located in the district and listed separately is the James Clark McGrew House.</p><br>
<p>Architects whose work is represented in the district include Stanton M. Howard of Wheeling for his Methodist Church, Milburn, Heister & Company of Washington, DC for their Bank of Kingwood Building, Carl Reger of Morgantown&#39;s Preston County Jail, and Richard M. Bates, Jr. of Huntington, who designed the former Central Preston High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Rowlesburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Rowlesburg, Preston County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 51 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Rowlesburg. Most of the commercial buildings are two story, frame and masonry buildings, dating from about 1900 to 1950. Notable buildings include the St. Pauls Methodist Protestant Church , St. Philomenas Roman Catholic Church , Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church , Rowlesburg School, Waybright House, Weaver House, Nassif Home and Store building , Rowlesburg Area Historical Society/IOOF building , and Adams and Moore Store building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The King Road–Whitefish River Bridge is a bridge located on King Road  over the Whitefish River in Limestone Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1910s, a system of three trunk line roads was constructed in Alger County. One of these roads ran from Trenary to Skandia. By the end of the decade, this road was nearly complete; the last link was the construction of a bridge over the Whitefish River. In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department engineers designed what was designated as Trunk Line Bridge Number 264, based on a standard design that the agency had developed in 1913–14.</p><br>
<p>The agency awarded the contract to construct the bridge to Samuel Mills of Escanaba. Mills built the bridge in 1919 for $1,688.25. The trunk line, including this bridge, was later incorporated into US 41. Later still, the highway was re-aligned, and a new bridge was built over the Whitefish River approximately one-half mile south of this bridge. The 1.5 mi section of road that included the old bridge was redesignated King Road, and still carries local traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The King Road–Whitefish River Bridge is a girder bridge built on two skewed 35 ft through girders, supported by concrete abutments and a center pier. The deck is a concrete slab, with the girders rising above to form the guardrails on either side. A bronze plate designating the bridge as a "Trunk Line Bridge" is mounted on the girders’ inside walls. The structure is fundamentally unaltered, but has undergone a considerable amount of concrete spalling and chipping.</p><br>
<p>The King Road–Whitefish River Bridge is notable due in part to its relatively early construction date as a girder-style bridge and its two-span configuration.</p><br>
<p>The Pavelka Farmstead, also known as the Antonia Farmstead, is a house located near Bladen in rural Webster County in south-central Nebraska, on land once owned and occupied by John and Anna Sadilek Pavelka. The farmstead provided a setting, and its occupants characters, for several of the works of author Willa Cather, who grew up in Webster County.</p><br>
<h2>Sadílek and Cather</h2><br>
<p>The family of Bohemian immigrants František and Antonie Sadílek arrived in Webster County in 1880; their daughter, Antonie (Annie), was twelve years old at that time. Three years later, the Cather family moved from Virginia to Nebraska, bringing their nine-year-old daughter Willa. The Cathers initially settled with relatives on the Divide, a narrow region of flat-lying plains between the watersheds of the Big Blue River to the north and the Republican River to the south. A year later, they moved into the city of Red Cloud to the south.</p><br>
<p>According to Willa Cather, she often saw Annie Sadílek during her youth. The wagon road from the Catherton precinct to Red Cloud passed near the Sadílek farm; and Annie later moved to Red Cloud, where she worked as a hired girl.</p><br>
<p>The young Cather was intrigued by the immigrants who had settled in south-central Nebraska, and by the Czechs in particular. In a 1923 essay, she wrote</p><br>
<p>Many of our Czech immigrants were people of a very superior type. The</p><br>
<p>political emigration resulting from the revolutionary disturbances of 1848 was distinctly different from the emigration resulting from</p><br>
<p>economic causes, and brought to the United States brilliant young</p><br>
<p>men from both Germany and Bohemia.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Cather graduated from Red Cloud High School and moved to Lincoln to enroll in the University of Nebraska. In 1892, Annie Sadílek went west with a railroad employee. Shortly after, she returned to the family farm and bore her first child, a daughter named Lucille. In 1896, she married John Pavelka; the family subsequently grew to ten children, including Lucille, who took the name Pavelka.</p><br>
<h2>Pavelka farmstead</h2><br>
<p>In 1906, the Pavelkas bought a farm on the Divide, in the northern part of a small region settled by Bohemians. Soon thereafter, possibly in 1911, they bought a one-story two-room house, probably built in the late 19th century, which they moved from a nearby farm to their own. By 1915, they had constructed a -story addition on the south side, expanding the house to seven rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house lies along the east side of a courtyard centered on the well, delimited by farm buildings and trees. A large barn with its associated fencing forms the west side. Smaller sheds and granaries lie along the north and south sides; there are shelterbelts on the south and the north, with the remains of an orchard in the north shelterbelt. The principal entrance of the house opens into the courtyard rather than toward the road, in keeping with traditional Czech village construction.</p><br>
<p>A brick-vaulted cellar, with its entrance southwest of the house, was constructed at some time after the house&#39;s expansion.</p><br>
<h2>Cuzak and Rosicky</h2><br>
<p>Cather had remained in touch with her friends in Webster County, although she had moved from Nebraska to Pittsburgh and then to New York. In the fall of 1916, she paid an extended visit to Annie Pavelka. By the end of that year, she had the idea for My Ántonia; the book was completed by about the middle of 1918. The characters of Ántonia Shimerda Cuzak and Anton Cuzak were based on Annie and John Pavelka; the Pavelka place is described in the final chapter, "Cuzak&#39;s Boys", with a scene set in the cellar (in the novel, called the "fruit cave").</p><br>
<p>The Pavelkas are also the models for Anton and Mary Rosicky in Cather&#39;s 1932 story "Neighbour Rosicky&quot and the Pavelka farmstead is the setting of the story.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>John Pavelka died in 1926; Anna Pavelka, in 1955. At some time after both of them had died, probably in the 1950s, the house was remodelled: the porch was enclosed and given two external doors, and a south-facing gable window was raised. Several of the sheds have undergone significant deterioration.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the Willa Cather State Historic Site, a collection of 26 individual sites and four historic districts in Webster County that are connected with Cather and her work.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Willa Cather Foundation and is the site of and. In 2020, renovation was undertaken to restore the home to its 1916 appearance.</p><br>
<p>The John Janecek House, also known as the Jerry Janáček House, is an historic home located in Schuyler, Nebraska that was built in 1885–1886. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on July 15, 1982. The house was owned by John Janecek, a Czech American who immigrated to Nebraska from Bohemia in 1870. He was the owner and the proprietor of the Janecek Opera House  in Schuyler.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Omaha architect Henry Voss. The NRHP listing included an entire city block, 1.6 acre in area.</p><br>
<p>The Homecroft Historic District is a national historic district bounded roughly by Madison Avenue, Southview Drive, Orinoco Avenue, and Banta Road in Homecroft, Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, the Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern Interurban Company began service on an interurban rail line extending from downtown Indianapolis to several nearby towns. The line ran along Madison Avenue. In the late 1910s and early 1920s, increasing use of the automobile and public transportation led people to relocate farther from urban centers. The Homecroft site, located 4+1/2 mi from downtown alongside the Madison Avenue interurban, was a desirable location for relocation.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, the Frank E. Gates Real Estate Company bought the land and named the area "Homecroft". The firm consisted of Frank Gates and his son Oliver, and they had already developed several subdivisions in Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Homecroft Historic District is typical of 1920s suburbs built for middle-class families. It consists of 63 structures spread over 70 acre. Some of the homes are patterned after model houses built by the Gates Company, while others are based on designs chosen by the original lot buyers. The houses are single-family homes; most are of modest size, one or one-and-a-half stories covered with brick or stone veneer. Architectural styles include Bungalow, American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>Sidewalks were run through the area in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration, and the Gates Company planted maples along the streets, which are now mature.</p><br>
<p>The district has remained cohesive despite the later encroachment of commercial strips along Madison Avenue, and has maintained the feel of a small satellite town.</p><br>
<p>The Northport Bridge spans the Columbia River near Northport, Washington, close to the border with Canada. The steel cantilever through-truss bridge replaced an 1897 timber bridge, and was opened in 1951. It carries Washington State Route 25. It is one of a series of similar bridges built at about the same time, including the Grand Coulee Bridge and the Kettle Falls Bridges.</p><br>
<p>The Northport Bridge&#39;s total length is 1,542 ft. The main span consists of a central span of 224 ft between 140 ft cantilever spans, for a total span of 504 ft. The steel anchor spans are 168 ft long, with additional concrete approach spans. The bridge opened to traffic on June 13, 1951, at a cost of $1,751,587.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by George Stevens of the Washington State Highways, and the main span was built by the Midland Structural Steel Company. Work began in August 1946. Floods in 1948 undermined the south main pier of the steel structure, causing the design to be changed from a section of earth fill to five additional T-beam concrete approach spans. Underwater blasting was required to remove the south pier for the altered work, resulting in a 673 ft series of concrete approach spans on the south.</p><br>
<p>The Northport Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Toddsbury is a historic home located on the banks of the North River near Nuttall in Gloucester County, Virginia. The house was built around 1669 by Thomas Todd and inhabited by his descendants until 1880. The builder Thomas Todd was the son of an English emigrant of the same name who patented land in Elizabeth City County in 1647 and in Gloucester County in 1664. However, he moved to Maryland and became a burgess for Baltimore County before dying at sea in 1676. The wife of one of the early settlers named Thomas Todd was Ann Gorsuch, daughter of Rev. John Gorsuch.</p><br>
<p>The house continues to be a private residence.</p><br>
<p>A -story building of brick laid in Flemish bond. An L-shaped house with a center stair hall, and two flanking rooms in the long arm and a subsidiary stair hall and another room in the wing. Toddsbury is a 17th-century house with 18th-century additions. The land was patented by Thomas Todd in 1657 but later went to the Tabb family. In 1880 it was purchased by the parents of William Mott, who died about 1939, The Property was later purchased in 1956 by Mrs. Charles Beatty Moore, a well-known Virginia preservationist who placed the property on the National Register of Historic Places and Virginia Landmark Properties. Her nephew, Francis Breckinridge Montague, inherited the property at Mrs. Moore&#39;s death in 1988 and continued the restoration and preservation of the fine old home, often referred to as the "Jewel of the Tidewater".</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi County Courthouse is a courthouse at Poplar Street and Hale Avenue in Osceola, Arkansas, United States, one of two county seats of Mississippi County, built in 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The courthouse was built in the Classic Revival style by John Gainsford and anchors the Osceola town square.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The entire first floor of the courthouse is windowless because it originally housed the county jail. Large outdoor stairs ascend to a second story entrance. Baked stone tiles make up the floors, with various colors being used throughout the building. The exterior of the courthouse consists of long, slender bricks. A copper dome is encircled by several terra cotta decorations. In 2020, a team of copper roofing specialists with Renaissance Roofing worked to restore the dome to its former glory.</p><br>
<p>Gov. H. Guy Kump House is a historic home located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was designed by noted Washington, D.C.-architect Clarence L. Harding and built in 1924–1925, as a home for West Virginia Governor Herman G. Kump  and his wife Edna Hall Scott Kump . It is a -story, 42 foot square, red brick dwelling with a steeply pitched, slate covered gable roof. The front facade features a shallow Doric order entrance portico and it has a porte cochere and sun porch. The house is in a Neo-Federal Revival style with Neo-Georgian Revival elements. In 2008, the house was willed to the city of Elkins.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Dr. John C. Irons House, also known as the Dr. S. G. Moore Home, is a historic home located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was built in 1889, and is a two-story Italianate frame dwelling with drop wood siding, a brick foundation and a "T"-shape plan with rear one-story addition. It has a low pitched gable end to the side with a two-story projecting angled bay added about 1911.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>"Pinecrest", also known as the Richard C. Kerens House and Kerens-Spears House, is a historic home located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was built in 1892 to a design by the Boston architecture firm Peabody & Stearns as a summer home for Richard C. Kerens . It is a large sandstone dwelling in a modified Shingle Style. It has an asymmetrical shape with gable-fronted sections in the main portion, a hip roof on the servants wing, and two cone-shaped tops on rounded turrets. It features a front porch that extends well beyond the exterior wall and curves along a single-story rounded projection at the east corner.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Scott Hill is a historic home located near Elkins in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1892, and is a 2 ½ story, brick Queen Anne style dwelling on a sandstone foundation. It has an asymmetrical shape with a truncated slate covered hipped roof. The front facade features a large, one-story wraparound porch. It also has a porte cochere supported by two replacement Ionic order columns. Also on the property are a contributing one-story, square-plan frame smoke house , carriage house , chicken coop , corn crib , bank barn , equipment shed , and stone ornamental pond .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Taylor-Condry House, also known as "Ednalea," is a historic home located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was built in 1880–1881, on the site of an 1820s structure. It is a two-story masonry building on a stone foundation in the Colonial Revival style. It is based upon the design of Washington&#39;s "Mount Vernon," and has a red asphalt shingle hipped roof with four gabled dormers and topped by a cupola. It features a full, two story columned portico that extends along the full facade of both the front and north side elevation and includes nine Tuscan order columns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Warfield-Dye Residence, also known as "Wayside," or "Warfield House," is a historic home located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1900–1901, and is a large -story brick-and-wood-shingle dwelling in the Queen Anne style. It is topped by a hipped roof with dormers and two-story bay. It features a large wraparound porch with wooden rail, Tuscan order column supports, and a balustrade along the roof edge. The house was built by Harry R. Warfield, son-in-law of Senator Henry G. Davis across from "Graceland".</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>E. E. Hutton House, also known as The Place Called Hutton, is a historic home located at Huttonsville, Randolph County, in the USA state of West Virginia. It was built in 1898, and is a 2½-story, cross-shaped residence in the Queen Anne style. It has a hipped and gable roof broken by dormers and a three-story octagonal tower. It features a deep, one-story wraparound porch. It was built by Eugene Elihu Hutton, Sr., a great-grandson of Jonathan Hutton, namesake of Huttonsville.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Pulaski Tunnel and Placer Creek Escape Route  are two adjacent sites used by the United States Forest Service firefighter Edward Pulaski in the Great Fire of 1910 to save the lives of himself and most of his crew. The sites are located south of Wallace, Idaho in the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Pulaski&#39;s tunnel and escape route are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Fire of 1910</h2><br>
<p>The summer of 1910 was hot and dry, with an extremely high fire danger throughout the western United States. By August, there were approximately 1,400 wildfires burning out of control in northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and northwestern Montana. On 20 August, some of these wildfires blew-up into huge firestorms, threatening a number of rural communities and trapping firefighting crews. One of those crews was led by Ed Pulaski.</p><br>
<p>Pulaski and his crew were fighting the fire in an area around the west fork of Placer Creek, approximately 10 mi southwest of Wallace. When the fire became too dangerous, Pulaski ordered his forty-five men to evacuate toward Wallace. As they retreated, a second fire blocked their way, leaving them surrounded by fire. Pulaski knew the area so he was able to lead his men through the burning forest to an abandoned mine. The crew (along with two horses) entered the mine opening near the bank of Placer Creek just as the fire engulfed the area.</p><br>
<p>The mine was actually a short prospecting tunnel that had been abandoned because no ore was found there. The mine opening was 6 ft high and 5 ft wide. At the entrance, there were cedar floor planks and squeeze caps logs in place to prevent spalling. The total length of the mine was only 250 ft; however, that was enough to shelter Pulaski and his crew.</p><br>
<p>As the fire raged outside the mine, the heat caused the cold air in the tunnel to rush out, replacing it with hot air and smoke. Pulaski ordered the men to lie down on the floor of the mine where there was still some breathable air. As the fire closed in around the tunnel entrance, timber beams at the mouth of the tunnel began to burn. Pulaski carried water in his hat from pools on the mine floor to the entrance, trying to douse the flames. In the process, he was badly burned. Eventually, Pulaski fell unconscious, as did all his men.</p><br>
<p>The next morning, Pulaski counted 39 living men. One of his crew had been killed by a falling snag on the way to the mine; five others had died from smoke inhalation during the night (the two horses also died). After the fire in the surrounding forest died down, Pulaski and his crew followed Placer Creek to safety in Wallace.</p><br>
<p>In just two days, the Great Fire of 1910 consumed 3,000,000 acre of forest. The six men lost in or near Pulaski&#39;s tunnel were among 78 firefighters killed by the fire. There were also seven civilians who died in the fire; bringing the total loss of life to 85 people.</p><br>
<p>Because of its association with Ed Pulaski and the Great Fire of 1910, the Pulaski Tunnel and fire escape route were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The tunnel also provides valuable information on historic mining methods in the Idaho panhandle.</p><br>
<h2>Site restoration</h2><br>
<p>For many years, the only visible sign of Pulaskis escape route and refuge tunnel were two historical markers along a forest road south of Wallace. In 2002, a citizens group was organized to restore Pulaskis tunnel and improve the trail to the site. The effort was known as the Pulaski Project. The Forest Service joined the effort and began to develop the trail in 2005. Since then, the full length of the trail has been cleared and graded. In addition, five trail bridges have been installed along with a dozen interpretive signs that provide information about Pulaski, the 1910 fire, and various features found along the trail. At the trailhead, a parking area and restroom have been built.</p><br>
<p>Today, the trail is open to foot traffic only. From the trailhead, the hike to the tunnel is approximately 2 mi, a round-trip hike of 4 mi. The elevation gain between the trailhead and the tunnel is 800 ft, making the hike moderately challenging. The trailhead is located just off Forest Road 456, approximately 1 mi south of Wallace, Idaho.</p><br>
<p>Strong Hall is an administrative hall at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. The hall is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After 1900, rising enrollments overwhelmed the Old Fraser Hall, known at the time as the "university building," necessitating the construction of a new administration and academic center. Chancellor Frank H. Strong (1902–1920) began requesting financing from the Kansas Legislature for the new structure. Montrose Pallen McArdle, a St. Louis architectural company, was chosen to design the building that Strong and the regents anticipated would be "the center of the university architecture as well as the university life."</p><br>
<p>Under the advisement of State Architect John Stanton, art professor William A. Griffith, and College Dean Olin Templin, McArdle designed a $500,000 classical Renaissance building that included pillars, a rotunda, an art gallery, and a classical museum. The Kansas Legislature objected to the scope and cost, and the designs were curtailed, while remnants of the original design vision remain; the building was ultimately finished in a Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Blackman–Bosworth Store, also known as Bosworth Store Building, S.N. Bosworths Cheap Cash Store, David Blackmans Store, and Randolph County Museum, is a historic general store located at Beverly, Randolph County, West Virginia, United States. It consists of the original section, built about 1828, with an addition built in 1894. The original section is a two-story brick building on a cut-stone foundation. In addition to being operated as a general store into the 1920s, the building had short-term use as county courthouse, post office and semi-official meeting place. In 1973, the Randolph County Historical Society purchased the property, and it now serves as the Randolph County Museum and as a meeting place.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Baldwin-Chandlee Supply Company-Valley Supply Company is a historic commercial building located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It is a two-story, twelve bay brick building in three sections. The first section was built in 1905; the second, and center, section, was built in 1923; the third section was built about 1947.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Elkins Milling Company, also known as Darden&#39;s Mill, is a historic grist mill located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It is a three-story timber frame structure, eight bays long and three bays deep. It was built in 1902, and expanded and at various points in the 20th century. The building served Elkins and the surrounding area as a merchant grain mill and feed store.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Day-Vandevander Mill — also known as the Old Mill at Harman — is a historic grist mill located near Harman, Randolph County, West Virginia. The original structure was built about 1877, and is a mortice and tenon, hand hewn post and beam structure. The additions built in the 1920s are studded wall frame construction. The property includes the original mill pond and tail race. It is open as a mill museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>First Ward School is a historic school building located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was built in 1907, is a two-story brick masonry structure, with full basement and sandstone trim. It has a slate covered hipped roof and is in the Classical Revival style. The interior features hard maple flooring and quarter-sawn oak staircases, wainscotings, built-in bookcases, doors, moldings, and trim work. It was built as a combined elementary and high school. It served as an elementary school alone from 1926 to 1976, when the building was retired as a school.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Randolph County Courthouse and Jail is a historic courthouse and jail located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. The two buildings were built between 1902 and 1904. They are constructed of brick and faced with stone with contrasting smooth and textured stone trim. The courthouse measures 103 feet by 76 feet, with a tower flanking the entrance pavilion at 150 feet tall. It features a rounded arch entrance in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The jail features a massive conical-roofed corner tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Middle Mountain Cabins are a set of three historic cabins located in the Monongahela National Forest near Wymer, Randolph County, West Virginia. They were built in 1931, and consist of the Main Cabin and Cabins 1 and 2. The Main Cabin is a one-story, rectangular, stained log building measuring approximately 22 feet by 20 feet. It has a gable roof and full-length porch. Cabins 1 and 2 are mirror-images of each other. They are one-story, frame buildings with gable roofs measuring approximately 25 feet by 14 feet. They were built to provide quarters for fire lookouts and to serve as a base for conducting other Forest Service operations. They have since been converted for recreational use, and are available for rental as a group.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Albert and Liberal Arts Halls are a set of two historic buildings located on the campus of Davis & Elkins College at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. The brick Georgian Revival style buildings were built between 1924 and 1926, and planned as a unit of two distinct and separate buildings connected by a graceful stone arcade. They were designed by noted Charleston architect Walter F. Martens.</p><br>
<p>Originally each building was stories, with gable roof and dormers, and slightly recessed -story wings. A fire at the Science Hall (now Albert Hall) in 1956, necessitated removal of the gable roof and a flat roof was installed. The buildings serve as educational offices and classrooms. Albert Hall is named for Charles E. Albert, Professor of Physics, who served as president from 1935 to 1939. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a Catholic cathedral in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. Along with the Cathedral of St. Joseph it is the seat of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph. It is a contributing property in the Quality Hill neighborhood, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rev. Benedict Roux arrived in Kansas City in 1833. Two years later he built a church out of logs at Eleventh and Broadway that was named St. John Francis Regis. From 1845 to 1880 the parish was served by the Rev. Bernard Donnelly who was a circuit-riding priest. He had a brick church built in 1857 that was named Immaculate Conception.</p><br>
<p>The Diocese of Kansas City was established by Pope Leo XIII in 1880. Bishop John Joseph Hogan selected Immaculate Conception as the cathedral for the new diocese and laid the cornerstone for the present cathedral in 1882. While the interior of the building was incomplete and temporary windows filled the spaces, the first Mass in the church was celebrated on Trinity Sunday in 1883. The cathedral was built on the highest ground of the city and at 150 feet (37.6 m) it was the tallest structure in Kansas City at the time. During the early years, the parish sold tickets to allowing residents to climb the steps in the tower to see the view.</p><br>
<p>A carillon of eleven bells was placed in the tower in 1895. The bells are named after the following saints: St. Anna, St. Bernard, St. Catherine, St. Cecilia, St. Edward, St. Elizabeth, St. Helen, St. John, St. Mary and St. Thomas. The largest bell, St. Thomas, is rung more than the others. The stained glass windows, created by local artisans at the Kansas City Stained Glass Works Company, were installed in 1912. The windows depict various Biblical scenes and the life of Christ. From 1903 to 1945 the Cathedral operated St. Christopher&#39;s Inn, on Main Street, a Single Room Occupancy facility for homeless men.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Edwin V. O’Hara led a major renovation of the cathedral&#39;s interior in 1955. On August 29, 1956, Pope Pius XII merged the western part of the Diocese of St. Joseph with the northern part of Diocese of Kansas City to form the Diocese of Kansas City–St. Joseph. The rest of what was the Kansas City Diocese became part of the newly established Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau. As a result, the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph has Co-Cathedrals: the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Cathedral of St. Joseph.</p><br>
<p>The copper dome on the cathedral tower started to deteriorate. It was replaced by a new dome, cupola and cross covered in 23-carat gold leaf in an effort led by Bishop John Cody in 1960. A diocesan capital campaign, Gift of Faith, began in 2001 to provide necessary funds for another major renovation and restoration of the cathedral. Bishop Raymond J. Boland dedicated the renewed cathedral on February 23, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The George F. Clifford House is a historic house located in Cornish, York County, Maine. Built c. 1874, the house is a high-quality example of Greek Revival style, despite being built nearly 15 years after the style fell out of favor. It was built for George Franklin Clifford, son of United States Supreme Court Justice Nathan Clifford. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 10, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is set in the main village of Cornish, at the northern side of the junction of High Road and Fiddle Lane. Immediately to the northwest, facing Main Street, stands the Caleb R. Ayer House, the home of George Clifford&#39;s uncle, Secretary of State Caleb Ayer.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story wood-framed structure, with a side gable roof, twin interior chimneys, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The south-facing main facade is five bays wide, with paired windows flanking a center entrance with window above. The entrance is set in a recess that is demarcated by pilasters, and includes sidelight windows and a rectangular multi-light transom window. The corners have paneled pilasters, which rise to an entablature and cornice that encircle the building. A hip-roofed, single-story porch extends across the front and around to the east, with a geometrically patterned railing and square posts with scroll-cut brackets. The house is joined via a narrow hyphen to a period carriage house. Its interior retains a high degree of original woodwork and hardware.</p><br>
<p>According to family history, the house was built for George F. Clifford by his father, United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Nathan Clifford in about 1874; it is not depicted on an 1872 map of the village. The younger Clifford was at that time already in a law partnership with his uncle, Caleb Ayer, and the north-facing secondary entrance faces the Ayer house. It is unclear why the house was built in the Greek Revival style, which had effectively been out of fashion for over ten years.</p><br>
<p>The Norwood School is a historic school building on Old Norwood Church Road near the unincorporated community of Norwood in south Benton County, Arkansas. It is a modest single-story stone building, fashioned out of rough-cut local fieldstone, topped by a hip roof with exposed rafter ends. A pair of entrances are sheltered by a gabled portico supported by a stone arch. It was built by the Works Progress Administration in 1937, and is the only building of its type in Benton County. The property also includes an original stone outhouse.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 1988.</p><br>
